Valve Damage Question

This was an e-mail I sent to some of my gearhead friends today regarding the repair of my 1981 Toyota Tercel "Bopper":

Hi all,

I am finally putting Bopper back together and am almost ready to put the head back on the engine. Turning the head upside down to clean off all the old baked-on gasket material, I noticed one of the valves, third from right in attached picture (with a closer view in another picture) has some weird precipitate on it.

Since the old head gasket had failed and coolant was leaking into the cylinders, I am thinking that this is some weird antifreeze byproduct on the valve. It's very hard to get off.

I don't want to replace the valves, I want to finish this job and start driving Bopper again, but the question is, does this raise any alarm bells for y'all? I was just going to try to clean it as best I can and then put the head back on.  Have any of you seen this before?

Thanks,

Tim

And my mentor gearhead guru Mark's response: 

"It looks like carbon deposits to me.  As long as the valves are seating properly and there isn't carbon build up on the valve stem it should be fine.  The valve might run hotter than the others but that usually is only a problem on air cooled engines w/sodium valves.  Just make sure you scrape off as much of the old head gasket as possible and wipe down with acetone before putting the new gasket on.  And make sure the #1 piston is at TDC.  And follow the torque order..."

Thanks Mark! Anyone on the interwebs have any suggestion as well?

Pop Art Means Cutting Edge Neuroscience

In the latest issue of Science Magazine, a group of Israeli scientists recorded neurons of the hippocampus in humans with microelectrodes as part of  an epilepsy surgery. As the single neurons were recorded, the patients were played videos from various pop culture sources. After the movies were played, the subjects were then asked to recall what they saw. As you can see in the movie below, the sample neuron fires whenever Tom Cruise is shown, and, later, when the patient freely recalls what he saw on the TV, notice the neuron fires again approximately 1-2 seconds before the patient says "Tom Cruise." 

The video is amazing for its sheer pop art meets neuroscience combination. I thought it could be in a museum as an experimental modern art piece. But that aside, the big science ramification is that, perhaps, this neuron is where "the memory" of Tom Cruise resides. It also probably encodes more than Tom Cruise (as you can see in its sporadic response to other images), and whether it is truly where the memory trace exists can only be shown by either deactivating that neuron with GABA agonists / cooling, which is only done in animal models, or by stimulating that neuron and then asking if the patient immediately thinks of Tom Cruise. Even then, the neuron may still only be the "librarian" of the memory, and not the actual storage. Perhaps the brain doesn't make such distinctions in its storage mechanisms. 

These are tough problems to solve, but ultimately the most fascinating. I consider it even more interesting than the "C-word" problem. Oh brain oh brain, how ever do you store declarative memory?

Tour de Troit 2008

Last Saturday my friends and I went on a 42 mile bike ride through Detroit as part of an annual revitalization event. I had two bikes: I let my girlfriend take my mountain bike, and I rode in my folding bike. Folding bikes are not designed to go on long trips (they have small wheels and low gear ratios), but I felt I was in enough shape to handle the stairmaster that is the single speed. You have to pedal very very fast just to keep pace with the regular bikes.

The trip began at the old Michigan Central Station, a beautiful abandoned building that was in an odd part of town even when it was newly constructed. It will never be torn down and will forever remain perpetually mired in aborted renovation plans.

Not all the of the living things on the bicycles were human.

After a late start (10:30 AM) we were off, and we went directly towards downtown Detroit. You can see the route map and area highlight list below (courtesy of the Wheelhouse).

There were about 1100 bikers, but we were all appropriately spread out that only rarely did it become uncomfortably crowded.

In the video below, notice the iconic steam rising from the manhole covers as we pass Woodward avenue. If you look very closely as we make our left turn you can also see the Spirit of Detroit Statue.

 

After a brief tour of the downtown Detroit we then drove through the old neighborhoods on Detroit's Northwest side of town. There were only 2 other people with folding bikes out of the 1100 people, and people we would pass in the neighborhoods would always call out(especially the kids), "Whoah..that bike is cool! It looks like a scooter!" When Miss Trigger rode it, the effect was even more so.

In the final part of the trip, we headed south on grand river avenue for 10 miles back into corktown. I thought this was rather curious, but Miss Trigger told me the neighborhoods around that area are pretty bad. The police escort actually stopped the whole biking group two or three times on the road to keep us all clustered together. Whether that was to make the police force's job easier or keep us safe, or both, I don't know.

My favorite picture is the one below of Greg, happy and relaxed on a nice Saturday bike ride, with a wonderful view of an iconic image, unfortunately, of Detroit's negative population growth: the abandoned burned out building in the background.

The "bad ass" bike of the day award goes to the dude below. What is it even called?

The tour ended soon after that, and after packing the bikes up we had some lunch in Mexican town, drove back to Ann Arbor, and I promptly passed out for two hours. 

Continued Search for Optimal Rocket Motor #2

Who knew designing rocket motors from scratch would take so long? But..I finally think I am ready for a compression test next week with the full load cell test stand. I was originally using Elmer's Glue as a binder, but further tests revealed the Elmer's glue actually substantially inhibited the combustion and ignition (motors took forever to ignite, and then burn at a low rate for a minute or so...way too long when I want a burn of at max 2 seconds). I speculate that since Elmer's glue is water-based, it is somehow degrading the propellant.

I thus moved to an organic binder, a nasty smelling contact cement I bought at the local hardware store that is  used to apply linoleum to floors. The movie below shows a mixture of 25 g pyrodex, 3/4 ounce of the binder, and 10 g sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). After baking in the oven at 200 degrees for about a week, it was sufficiently dry to do a burn test. It took 5/6 of a second to burn (measured via the video time), which may be short enough to provide a good level of thrust for the rocket but long enough that the risk of overpressurization is low. Last night I gave myself a headache making some more motors (that binder glue is nasty), but stayed tuned for next week when fellow gearhead and garage guru Dr. Mark Lehmkuhle comes to Ann Arbor for a week! We'll finally get that static test up and running with the new motors!

The first and last day of graduate school

I began graduate school on August 16th, 2001. After a year of rotations, I joined Daryl Kipke's Neural Engineering Lab at the University of Michigan, and six years later, I graduated with my PhD. In total, from the time I began graduate school to the time I "completed all requirements," was seven years. Exactly seven years. As in I turned everything into the Rackham graduate school on August 15th, 2008. Why did it take so long? Now that is a long conversation my friend.

On my first day of graduate school, I woke up in Ann Arbor in my new apartment, had a cup of coffee, and walked the 2.5 miles to the Krause Natural Sciences Building on central campus to attend the "boot camp" for neuroscience students where we learned basic techniques in neurobiology. I remember being a bit tired that day because I had stayed up late the previous night writing songs with my roommate Eric. I was single at the time, not tied down to much of anything, and unknowing what the future held.  The out of focus* photograph below shows that first morning.

Seven years later to the day, on August 15th, 2008, I got up in the morning, went to Expresso Royale for a cup of  coffee spiked with a shot of expresso (graduate school having increased my tolerance for caffeine), then biked the 1.5 miles to my lab in the Lurie Biomedical Engineering Building on North Campus. I grabbed the last two dissertation forms from my advisor, printed out a revised table of contents, and then biked from north campus to central campus to pay a $70 binder's fee to the University of Michigan. I then turned all the final paperwork in to the administrative staff at Rackham graduate school. The last person between me and my PhD told me she really liked the dedication to my grandfather at the beginning of my dissertation and the Henry David Thoreau quote at the end of my dissertation (it's funny as I think she is the only one who noticed those two things...none of my faculty advisors commented on them). She then printed out a "fulfilled all requirements" paper for me, and told me I was done. 

That was that. I wanted to hug her. Happiness. I stood there awkwardly for a few minutes overcome with emotion, and she rightly noticed it and shook my hand saying "Congratulations." I walked out of that building in the early afternoon and the day had never looked so beautiful. I had to go back to lab to help a labmate with a experiment, and here you can see me on my last day of graduate school looking over a surgical prep.

Then, the day after graduate school, I found myself a victim of eternal recurrence, sitting in a high school classroom. 

Would I do it all over again? I am happy having studied and continuing to study neuroscience, but I probably would have taken more engineering classes in undergrad. It would have made graduate school a helluva lot easier given the nature of my dissertation. The only "what if?" on my mind is whether I should have gotten a materials science or aeronautical engineering degree instead. Would I be, to phrase Maslow's hierarchy of needs, more "self-actualized?" I imagine everybody has such thoughts. Scaled Composites is hiring....sometimes late at night I playfully let my mind wander, and I imagine just hopping in my car, driving out to California, and knocking on their door.

*****Fin*****

*Note: The out of focus picture of my first day of graduate school above was taken with a Kodak DC4800 3.1 MB digital camera (the out of focus is my fault). In 2001 consumer digital cameras were still very novel, and I was the only one of my friends and colleagues who had one. I had received it as a graduation gift from my parents for my B.S. in Biochemistry. It was a decent camera, but at the time it was about $500-$700. Nowadays a camera of similar features and quality would probably sell at the drug store for $50.

Continued Search for Optimal Rocket Motor

I've taken up amateur rocket construction as a hobby in the past year, and my current struggle is designing a rocket motor that 1) doesn't burn too fast, overpressurize, and blow up, and 2) that doesn't burn so slow that the thrust isn't sufficient for leaving the Earthly plane.

I thought I was rather sophisticated with my load cell set up.

But my motors are not at the stage yet where I need my static test stand (which I spent the last few months idly working on) to record the thrust time profiles. Rather I need to spend more time playing with ratios of gunpowder, baking soda, and glue, so as to finally get a motor that burns for about two seconds. After that I will record the thrust with the static test stand and start scaling the recipe for bigger rockets. See video below.

Codicil: Coming back Home, 9000 miles and 19 States

I have been in graduate school too long, and I have become too comfortable with the free lifestyle it offers. After defending my dissertation, I felt a sense of wanderlust I had never felt before. I literally couldn't stand to look at a computer screen, to walk down Beal Street to my lab, or walk down South University to Panchero's to eat my typical burrito. It was just too much of the same of the same of the same every day.

The mind turns inward in graduate school. I became so immersed in my own black hole of thought that I forgot there is a world beyond the same streets I walk every day. It sounds trite. It is trite. It is true. America has plenty of beautiful places and fascinating cites; I don’t think I’ll ever fully explore them all.

But, after traveling around this country, I still find myself wanting to stay in Ann Arbor. My friends have criticized me for becoming too comfortable in grad school and Ann Arbor, and that I risk becoming stagnant (if not already). I’ve always felt rather odd regarding this criticism. One of the joys of graduate school, beyond becoming an independent scientist, is that I have seen the world: most of the United States, Egypt, New Zealand, China, India, Dubai, Europe multiple times, Mexico multiple times, Puerto Rico, etc.... I do not feel the need to leave Ann Arbor to find a new place, as I travel one week a month on average anyway. I enjoy, at the end of things, always coming back to Ann Arbor. And now that I am graduated and have my PhD, I am viewing this town as my home rather than as a place I am simply staying on a long-term visit. Tim, born in the Midwest, staying in the Midwest.

The road trip ended symbolically with my flight back from New York City. From the unpretentious Bopper taking me around the west coast, I rolled back to Detroit in first class, surrounded by suits. After landing and waiting for a special lady to pick me up at the airport, I idled with psychedelic visions of the walkway to Terminal C in my mind.